New Zealand’s space sector has seen significant growth since the first rocket launch in 2017. With a current revenue contribution of about NZ$1.7 billion, the country has ambitious plans to reach $10 billion by 2030. This rapid development in the space industry has been largely driven by commercial activities, with a focus on startups and entrepreneur-led companies.
Regulatory Framework for Space Activities
In response to Rocket Lab’s proposal for a launch site, New Zealand developed a regulatory system from scratch in less than two years to meet international obligations. All launch nations are required to register every object they send into space and supervise those objects to prevent any damage or loss to other countries’ activities. Additionally, countries must prevent contamination of outer space and Earth’s environment, as well as ensure that space activities do not interfere with other nations’ rights to free access and participation.
A 2020 review of New Zealand’s space legislation found that the regulatory regime was largely effective. However, there were concerns raised about the regulation of new technologies such as satellite constellations and miniature satellites. These recommendations prompted broader consultation on the country’s space policy and aerospace strategy, highlighting the need for a more inclusive approach that incorporates diverse voices, including Indigenous perspectives.
Impact of Light Pollution
One of the significant issues arising from the rapid growth of the space industry is light pollution. While urbanization and the indiscriminate use of artificial light on Earth are contributing factors, activities in space are also a significant source of light pollution. Every satellite placed into orbit increases the ambient glow of the night sky, leading to a 10% increase in the brightness of the night sky compared to natural sources by 2021.
The impact of light pollution extends beyond aesthetic concerns. It also interferes with observational astronomy, contaminating data with artificial shimmers and streaks of light. This poses a particular challenge for Indigenous communities, such as the M?ori in New Zealand, whose knowledge systems rely on unaided visual access to the stars. The country’s reputation as a hub for stargazing and astronomical research is at risk if light pollution continues to worsen.
Addressing Light Pollution
As New Zealand continues to develop its regulatory framework for space activities, the issue of light pollution must be taken seriously. Balancing the national interest in maintaining dark skies with the economic value of the space industry presents a challenge. Overly prescriptive licensing requirements may deter potential companies from launching satellites from New Zealand, while a lack of regulations on addressing light pollution may lead to further environmental and cultural degradation.
Efforts to mitigate the impact of satellite constellations by private commercial actors have been limited and ineffective. Companies like SpaceX have made attempts to reduce the impacts of their mega constellations, but more innovation and investment in technologies to mitigate light pollution are needed. The new space age, driven by private companies seeking to reduce costs in the long run, presents an opportunity for the development of sustainable practices in space activities.
Incorporating Indigenous Perspectives
Indigenous voices, including M?ori and other Indigenous communities, are essential in the conversation around light pollution and its impact on cultural practices and traditional knowledge. The Treaty of Waitangi obligations recognize the unique relationship that M?ori have with the night sky and the importance of preserving this connection for future generations.
New Zealand’s bicultural foundation provides a framework for incorporating Indigenous perspectives into the regulation and mitigation of light pollution. Recognizing the cultural significance of astronomical knowledge and the need to protect dark skies for observational purposes is crucial for the sustainable development of the space industry in New Zealand.
Conclusion
As New Zealand navigates the challenges of regulating space activities and addressing light pollution, striking a balance between economic interests and environmental considerations is essential. Incorporating Indigenous perspectives and traditional knowledge into the regulatory framework will ensure a more holistic approach to space governance.
The country’s commitment to sustainable practices in the space industry will not only benefit its economic growth but also preserve its unique cultural heritage and natural environment for future generations. By actively engaging with diverse voices and fostering collaboration between industry stakeholders and Indigenous communities, New Zealand can lead the way in combatting light pollution and promoting responsible space exploration.