Americans are increasingly worried about misinformation online, especially after reports that the Justice Department seized 32 domains linked to a Russian influence operation in the 2024 presidential election. Many believe that false information on social media influences everything from voting to vaccinations. However, the academic research community is divided on the extent of the misinformation problem. Some argue that online misinformation poses a significant threat to democracy, while others claim that concerns about misinformation are exaggerated.
Despite the debate, most researchers agree that misinformation is a major issue. The disagreement lies in defining the problem and finding solutions. While some focus on fake news articles from disreputable sources, studies show that this type of misinformation is rare on social media and mainly circulated by a small group of extreme users. However, public misperceptions are widespread, as seen in events like the Capitol riot and vaccine hesitancy.
The key to addressing misinformation lies in understanding that fake news is just a small part of the problem. Misleading information from mainstream outlets and political elites can have a more significant impact on public beliefs. For example, coverage of rare deaths following vaccination by reputable sources had a greater impact on vaccine hesitancy than false content flagged by fact-checkers. Politicians like Donald Trump also spread misinformation through traditional and social media platforms.
To combat misinformation effectively, academics, journalists, and social media companies need to take a comprehensive approach. Academics should study the roots of public misbelief beyond debunked claims, while journalists must reflect on their role in promoting misbelief and avoid misleading reporting. Social media platforms should not only fact-check content but also address misleading information from trusted sources that have a wide reach.
Addressing misinformation is complex and requires a multi-faceted approach. By redefining misinformation, studying its impact, and holding all stakeholders accountable, we can work towards solving the misinformation problem plaguing society today.