The Roman Empire, once hailed as one of the greatest empires in history, left a lasting impact on Europe and its surrounding regions. After its collapse, Europe underwent significant social and political changes, leading to the emergence of new communities and power dynamics. Contrary to the assumption that the families in power during Roman times maintained their status, recent research suggests a more complex and diverse reality.
A recent study focused on a cemetery in Collegno, Italy, dating back to the 6th to 8th centuries CE. By analyzing the genomes of 28 individuals from the site and incorporating data from 24 previously published genomes, researchers uncovered surprising insights into the post-Roman elite communities. The study, led by Veeramah, an Associate Professor in the Department of Ecology & Evolution, shed light on the genetic diversity and social mobility of the ruling groups that emerged after the fall of the Roman Empire.
The Elite Legacy
The elites that rose to power in the aftermath of the Roman Empire’s collapse were not simply remnants of the Roman aristocracy. While some undoubtedly came from wealthy Roman families, the research revealed a more complex picture. The ruling group in Collegno initially consisted of individuals connected through familial and social ties, likely originating from multiple elite families. Over time, these families intermarried, forming a cohesive and diverse community with mixed Central and Northern European ancestry.
The burial practices of these elites in Collegno reflected their distinct status and heritage. They were laid to rest with weapons, elaborate belts, and in specific burial structures, highlighting their privileged position in society. As the community evolved, it became more inclusive, welcoming individuals with different genetic backgrounds. Newcomers were buried in simple, irregular graves, indicating a shift towards greater diversity within the ruling group.
Diverse Communities, Shared Histories
The study in Collegno mirrored findings from other regions, such as Szólád in modern Hungary, where similarities in genomic and cultural patterns were observed. The influx of individuals with northern European ancestry in both locations hinted at a broader network of connections and interactions across medieval Europe. The integration of new groups into existing communities was a common theme, illustrating the fluidity and adaptability of post-Roman elite societies.
Mobility and Adaptability
The ability of the Collegno community to incorporate diverse cultural practices was evident in their dietary choices. While most individuals consumed C3 plants typical of cooler, wetter environments, a significant portion also consumed C4 plants like millet, associated with Mediterranean diets. This dietary diversity reflected the community’s openness to different traditions and lifestyles, contributing to their resilience and cohesion.
Isotopic analysis further highlighted the mobility and interaction within the elite group. Non-local strontium isotope signatures among some individuals indicated movement and connections with other regions, showcasing the dynamic nature of post-Roman elite communities. The willingness to welcome newcomers and engage with external influences played a crucial role in the longevity and success of these ruling groups.
The study, titled “The role of emerging elites in the formation and development of communities after the fall of the Roman Empire,” published in the journal PNAS, offers valuable insights into the diverse and mobile nature of post-Roman elite societies. By unraveling the genetic diversity, social mobility, and cultural integration of these communities, the research sheds light on the complex dynamics that shaped medieval Europe’s evolving landscape.